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Shadow Ware 影ウェアhttp://www.shadow-ware.com/Design デザインDesign is used both as a noun and a verb. The term is often tied to the various applied arts and engineering (See design disciplines below). As a verb, "to design" refers to the process of originating and developing a plan for a product, structure, system, or component with intention. As a noun, "a design" is used for either the final (solution) plan (e.g. proposal, drawing, model, description) or the result of implementing that plan in the form of the final product of a design process. This classification aside, in its broadest sense no other limitations exist and the final product can be anything from socks and jewellery to graphical user interfaces and charts. Even virtual concepts such as corporate identity and cultural traditions such as celebration of certain holidays are sometimes designed. More recently, processes (in general) have also been treated as products of design, giving new meaning to the term "process design".
The person designing is called a designer, which is also a term used for people who work professionally in one of the various design areas, usually also specifying which area is being dealt with (such as a fashion designer, concept designer or web designer). Designing often requires a designer to consider the aesthetic, functional, and many other aspects of an object or a process, which usually requires considerable research, thought, modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design.
Being defined so broadly, there is no universal language or unifying institution for designers of all disciplines. This allows for many differing philosophies and approaches toward the subject. However, serious study of design demands increased focus on the design process.
Defining a design process
According to video game developer Dino Dini in a talk given at the 2005 Game Design and Technology Workshop held by Liverpool JM University, design underpins every form of creation from objects such as chairs to the way we plan and execute our lives. For this reason it is useful to seek out some common structure that can be applied to any kind of design, whether this be for video games, consumer products or one's own personal life.
For such an important concept, the question "What is Design?" appears to yield answers with limited usefulness. Dino Dini states that the design process can be defined as "The management of constraints". He identifies two kinds of constraint, negotiable and non-negotiable. The first step in the design process is the identification, classification and selection of constraints. The process of design then proceeds from here by manipulating design variables so as to satisfy the non-negotiable constraints and optimizing those which are negotiable. It is possible for a set of non-negotiable constraints to be in conflict resulting in a design with no solution; in this case the non-negotiable constraints must be revised. For example, take the design of a chair. A chair must support a certain weight to be useful, and this is a non-negotiable constraint. The cost of producing the chair might be another. The choice of materials and the aesthetic qualities of the chair might be negotiable.
Dino Dini theorizes that poor designs occur as a result of mismanaged constraints, something he claims can be seen in the way the video game industry makes "Must be Fun" a negotiable constraint where he believes it should be non-negotiable.
It should be noted that "the management of constraints" may not include the whole of what is involved in "constraint management" as defined in the context of a broader Theory of Constraints, depending on the scope of a design or a designer's position.
▲FXやるなら複数口座が常識、ならばDMMFX 申込みは忘れないように! Web Pages ウェブページA web page or webpage is a resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other web pages via hypertext links.
Web pages may be retrieved from a local computer or from a remote web server. The web server may restrict access only to a private network, e.g. a corporate intranet, or it may publish pages on the World Wide Web. Web pages are requested and served from web servers using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Web pages may consist of files of static text stored within the web server's file system (static web pages), or the web server may construct the (X)HTML for each web page when it is requested by a browser (dynamic web pages). Client-side scripting can make web pages more responsive to user input once in the client browser.
Web pages usually include instructions as to the colors of text and backgrounds and very often also contain links to images and sometimes other media to be included in the final view.
Layout, typographic and color-scheme information is provided by Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) instructions, which can either be embedded in the HTML or can be provided by a separate file, which is referenced from within the HTML. The latter case is especially relevant where one lengthy stylesheet is relevant to a whole website: due to the way HTTP works, the browser will only download it once from the web server and use the cached copy for the whole site.(notepad)
Images are stored on the web server as separate files, but again HTTP allows for the fact that once a web page is downloaded to a browser, it is quite likely that related files such as images and stylesheets will be requested as it is processed. An HTTP 1.1 web server will maintain a connection with the browser until all related resources have been requested and provided. Browsers usually render images along with the text and other material on the displayed web page.
Client-side computer code such as JavaScript or code implementing Ajax techniques can be provided either embedded in the HTML of a web page or, like CSS stylesheets, as separate, linked downloads specified in the HTML (using for example .js file extensions for JavaScript files). These scripts may run on the client computer, if the user allows them to, and can provide a degree of interactivity between the web page and the user after the page has downloaded. ウェブページまたはウェブページは、ワールドワイドウェブにふさわしくて、ウェブブラウザによってアクセスされることができる情報の供給源です。この情報は通常HTMLまたはXHTMLフォーマットで、ハイパーテキストリンクによってナビゲーションを他のウェブページに提供するかもしれません。ウェブページは、ローカルコンピュータから、または、リモートなウェブサーバから取り戻されるかもしれません。ウェブサーバはアクセスを個人的なネットワークだけに制限するかもしれません、例えば、企業内イントラネットまたはそれはワールドワイドウェブ上でページを発表するかもしれません。Webドキュメントは、ハイパーテキストトランスファープロトコル(HTTP)を使っているウェブサーバから要請されて、送達されます。ウェブページはウェブサーバのファイルシステム(静的ウェブページ)の範囲内で保存される静的テキストのファイルから成るかもしれません、あるいは、それがブラウザー(ダイナミックなウェブページ)によって要求されるとき、ウェブサーバはウェブページごとに(X)HTMLを造るかもしれません。クライアント側スクリプトは、クライアントブラウザーでかつてウェブページをユーザー入力により敏感にすることができます。ウェブページは、通常テキストと背景の色に関して指示を含んで、頻繁にまた、最終的な表示に含まれるために、イメージと時々他のメディアとの関連を含みます。レイアウト、印刷上のおよび色彩設計情報はCascading Style Sheet(CSS)指導(それはHTMLに埋め込まれることもできるか、別々のファイルで提供されることもできます)によって提供されます。そして、それはHTML内から参照文に引用されます。1つの長いstylesheetが全部のウェブサイトに関連する所で、後のケースは特に関連します:HTTPが働く方法のために、ウェブサーバと使用から一旦全部のsite.(ノートパッド)Imagesのための貯蔵されたコピーが別々のファイルとしてウェブサーバに保存されるならば、ブラウザーはそれをダウンロードするだけです、しかし、また、HTTPは一旦ウェブページがブラウザーにダウンロードされるならば、イメージとstylesheetsのような関連したファイルが処理されてそのまま要請されることが全くありそうであるという事実を考慮に入れます。すべての関連した資源が要請されて、提供されるまで、HTTP 1.1ウェブサーバはブラウザーとの関係を維持します。ブラウザーは、通常示されたウェブページの上でテキストと他の材料に加えてイメージを生成します。JavaScriptまたはコードを実装しているアイアス技術のようなクライアント側コンピュータコードは、ウェブページのHTMLに埋められるか、CSS stylesheetsのように、別々の、結ばれたダウンロードとしてHTML(JavaScriptファイルのためにたとえば.jsファイル拡張子を使う)で指定されて提供されることができます。ページがダウンロードしたあと、これらのスクリプトはユーザーが彼らを許すならば、クライアントコンピュータで動くかもしれなくて、ウェブページとユーザーの間である程度の対話性を提供することができます。
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